Saccharin is a non-nutritive or artificial sweetener. It's made in a laboratory by oxidizing the chemicals o-toluene sulfonamide or phthalic anhydride. It looks like white, crystalline powder which is 500 times sweeter than sugar.

Monosodium glutamate (Sodium Glutamate) is a sodium salt of glutamic acid which is widely used in cooking domestic food and fast food as a flavor enhancer. The use of the salt intensifies the meaty, savory flavor of food, as naturally occurring glutamate does in foods such as stews and meat soups. Sodium Glutamate is found naturally in some foods including tomatoes and cheese in this glutamic acid form.

Esters are organic compounds that are commonly responsible for the sweet and fruity aroma of fruits. They are formed by the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, often in the presence of an acid catalyst. For example, ethyl acetate and isoamyl acetate are esters that contribute to the characteristic fragrances of fruits like bananas and apples.

Chloroform on reaction with Concentrated nitric acid produces Chloropicrin (a colorless, oily liquid with a sharp penetrating odor) which is lacrimator-intensely irritating to the eyes and has a tear gas-like effect.

Ethylene (ripening hormone) is a gaseous plant hormone that plays an important role inducing the ripening, softening and moistening process for many fruits.

A thinner is a volatile solvent that is used to dilute or extend oil-based paints or to clean up after use.

Tarpin (Turpentine) is such a type of solvent used as the conventional paint thinner for most brush-applied alkyd and oil-based paints, varnishes and enamels. It aids the paint in coating, bonding and penetrating all types of wooden surfaces.

The main ingredient of toothpaste is Calcium and phosphorous (in the form of phosphate), along with fluoride. These key ingredients are included in toothpaste because they play a crucial role in keeping your teeth from becoming soft and brittle which eases the path to cavities. 

Formalin is used to preserve proteins and prevent cellular decay by rendering the tissue unsuitable for use as a nutrient source for bacteria. It stops the decay and deterioration process and it preserves the tissue in life-like state as possible.

Soap is a product of fat and base. Fat is formed by the reaction of three moles of fatty acids and one mole of glycerol also known as glycerin. Then fat reacts with base like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and form a soap and glycerin as a by-product.

Ethanol is less acidic than water, and methanol is more acidic than water. Ethanol has a burning smell emitting a bright blue flame. Methanol has its characteristic odor and, when burning, emits a light white flame. In order to discourage the rampant and indiscriminate usage of ethanol, methanol is often added to it as a blend. This compound is also used as an antifreeze in many pipelines.