Pruning is to amputate or selectively remove unwanted branches in order to improve structure of a tree.

Milk becomes sour due to the action of bacteria. Specifically, lactic acid bacteria, such as Lactobacillus, convert lactose (the sugar in milk) into lactic acid. This acid lowers the pH of the milk, making it sour.

Rice plants have 24 chromosomes in total, with 12 pairs.

Bacteria lack mitochondria, as they are unicellular organisms that perform energy production in the cell membrane.

A lizard can shed its tail to escape predators, a process called "autotomy" - the ability of certain animals, like lizards, to deliberately shed a body part (usually the tail) to escape from predators. The lost body part may continue to move, distracting the predator, while the animal flees. This process helps the animal survive, and the lost part may regenerate over time.

Dogs drool to help regulate their body temperature, as they do not sweat like humans.

Owls have a higher number of rods (light-sensitive cells) in their retinas, which allow them to see well in low-light conditions.

Woodpeckers have long, thorny tongues that help them extract insects from tree bark.

Monkeys have four limbs: two arms and two legs. So, they have four legs in total, similar to other mammals.

The kangaroo rat can survive without drinking water, obtaining all the moisture it needs from the seeds it eats.